ASTM A451 Centrifugally Cast Austenitic Steel Pipe
ASTM A451/A451M – 02
Standard Specification for Centrifugally Cast Austenitic Steel Pipe for High-Temperature Service
1. Scope
1.1 This specification covers austenitic alloy steel pipe for use in high-temperature, corrosive, or nuclear pressure service.
1.2 Several grades of austenitic stainless steel are covered as indicated in Table 1.
1.3 Optional supplementary requirements are provided when additional testing may be required.
1.4 The values stated in either inch-pound units or SI units are to be regarded separately as standard. Within the text, the SI units are shown in brackets. The values stated in each system are not exactly equivalents; therefore, each system must be used independently of each other. Combining values from the two systems may result in nonconformance with the specification.
NOTE 1—This specification is not intended to cover centrifugal pipe made from alloys containing more than 0.20 % carbon, such as are covered by Specification A 297.
2. Referenced Documents
2.1 ASTM Standards:
A 297 Specification for Steel Castings, Iron-Chromium and Iron-Chromium-Nickel, Heat Resistant, for GeneralAppli-cation
A 370 Test Methods and Definitions for Mechanical Testing of Steel Products
A 530/A530M Specification for General Requirements for Specialized Carbon and Alloy Steel Pipe
E 29 Practice for Using Significant Digits in Test Data to Determine Conformance With Specifications
E 94 Guide for Radiographic Examination
E 165 Test Method for Liquid Penetrant Examination
E 186 Reference Radiographs for Heavy-Walled (2 to 4 1 ⁄ 2 -in. [51 to 114-mm]) Steel Castings
E 280 Reference Radiographs for Heavy-Walled (4 1 ⁄ 2 to 12-in. [114 to 305-mm]) Steel Castings
E 446 Reference Radiographs for Steel Castings up to 2 in.[51 mm] in Thickness
2.2 ANSI Standard:
B46.1 Surface Texture
3. Ordering Information
3.1 Orders for material to this specification shall include the following, as required, to describe the desired material adequately:
3.1.1 Quantity (feet, metres, or number of lengths),
3.1.2 Name of material (centrifugally cast pipe),
3.1.3 Grade (Table 1),
3.1.4 Size (outside or inside diameter and minimum wall thickness in inches or millimetres),
3.1.5 Length (specific or random, Specification A 530/A 530M),
3.1.6 End Finish of Specification A 530/A 530M,
3.1.7 Optional Requirements (9.4 and Supplementary Requirements S1 through S7),
3.1.8 Test Report Required (Section 14), and
3.1.9 Special Requirements or Additions to Specification.
4. Materials and Manufacture
4.1 Heat-Treatment—The pipe shall receive a heat-treatment at the temperature and time specified in Table 2,followed by a quench in water or rapid cool by other means.
4.2 Machining—The pipe shall be machined on the inner and outer surfaces to a roughness value no greater than 250-µin. [6.35-µm] arithmetical average deviation (AA) from the mean line, as defined in American National Standard B46.1.
5. Chemical Analysis
5.1 Heat Analysis—An analysis of each heat shall be made by the manufacturer to determine the percentages of elements specified in Table 1. The analysis shall be made on a test sample taken preferably during the pouring of the heat. The chemical composition thus determined shall conform to the requirements specified in Table 1.
5.2 Product Analysis—A product analysis may be made by the purchaser. The sample for analysis shall be selected so as to be thoroughly representative of the pipe being analyzed. The chemical composition thus determined shall conform to the requirements specified in Table 1.
5.3 To determine conformance with the chemical analysis requirements, an observed value or calculated value shall be rounded in accordance with Practice E 29 to the nearest unit in the last right-hand place of values listed in Table 1.
A Grades CPF10MC and CPF8C may have a columbium plus tantalum content maximum of 1.35 %.
B No designation as yet assigned by ASTM International or Steel Founders’ Society of America.
C By agreement between the manufacturer and the purchaser, the carbon content of Grade CPH20 may be restricted to 0.10 % max. When so agreed, the grade designation shall be CPH10
6. Tensile Requirements
6.1 Test Specimens:
6.1.1 Test specimens shall be prepared in accordance with Test Methods and Definitions A 370. Test bars shall be poured in special blocks from the same heat as the castings represented. Test bars shall be supplied in sufficient number to furnish all specimens required in 6.2 and 6.3 (see Table 3).
6.1.2 Test specimens may be cut from heat-treated castings instead of from test bars when agreed upon between the manufacturer and the purchaser.
6.1.3 Tension test specimens shall be machined to the form and dimensions of the standard round 2-in. [50-mm] gage length specimens shown in Fig. 6 of Test Methods and Definitions A 370.
6.2 Number of Tests:
6.2.1 One tension test shall be made from each heat. The bar from which the test specimen is taken shall be heat-treated in the same manner as the castings represented.
6.2.2 If a specimen is machined improperly or flaws are revealed by machining or during testing, the specimen may be discarded and another substituted from the same heat.
6.3 Retests—If the results of the mechanical tests for any heat do not conform to the requirements specified, the castings may be reheat-treated and retested, but may not be solutiontreated more than twice.
A The properties shown are obtained by adjusting the composition within the limits shown in Table 1 to obtain a ferrite-austenite ratio that will result in the higher ultimate and yield strengths indicated. A lowering of impact values may develop in these materials when exposed to service temperature above 800°F [425°C].
7. Hydrostatic Test
7.1 Each length of pipe shall be hydrostatically tested in accordance with Specification A 530/A 530M.
7.2 It is realized that the foundry may be unable to perform the hydrostatic test prior to shipment, or that the purchaser may wish to defer testing until additional work has been performed on the casting. In such cases, the foundry is responsible for the satisfactory performance of the casting when it is tested.
8. Quality
8.1 The surface of the casting shall be examined visually and shall be free from cracks and hot tears. Other surface defects shall be judged in accordance with visual acceptance criteria which may be specified in the order.
9. Rework and Retreatment
9.1 Defects as defined in Section 8 shall be removed and their removal verified by visual inspection of the resultant cavities. Defects which are located by inspecting with Supplementary Requirement S6 or S7, or both, shall be removed or reduced to an acceptable size.
9.2 If removal of the defect does not infringe upon the minimum wall thickness, the depression may be blended uniformly into the surrounding surface.
9.3 If the cavity resulting from defect removal infringes upon the minimum wall thickness, weld repair is permitted subject to the purchasers’ approval. The composition of the weld rod used shall be suitable for the composition of the metal being welded.
9.3.1 Only operators and procedures qualified in accordance with ASME Boiler and Pressure Vessel Code, Section IX, shall be used. All repair welds will be inspected to the same quality standards used to inspect the casting.
9.4 Postweld heat-treatment of the repaired casting is neither required nor prohibited.
10. Permissible Variations in Dimensions
10.1 Thickness—The wall thickness shall not vary over that specified by more than 1 ⁄ 8 in. (3 mm). There shall be no variation under the specified wall thickness.
11. General Requirements
11.1 Material furnished under this specification shall conform to the applicable requirements of the current edition of Specification A 530/A 530M, unless otherwise provided herein.
12. Rejection
12.1 Each length of pipe received from the manufacturer may be inspected by the purchaser and, if it does not meet the requirements of the specification based on the inspection and test method as outlined in the specification, the pipe may be rejected and the manufacturer shall be notified. Disposition of rejected pipe shall be a matter of agreement between the manufacturer and the purchaser.
13. Rehearing
13.1 Samples that represent rejected material shall be preserved for 2 weeks from the date of transmission of the test report. In case of dissatisfaction with the results of the tests, the manufacturer may make claim for a rehearing within that time.
14. Certification
14.1 Upon request of the purchaser in the contract or order,a manufacturer’s certification that the material was manufactured and tested in accordance with this specification, together with a report of the test results, shall be furnished at the time of shipment.
15. Product Marking
15.1 Each length of pipe shall be legibly marked with the manufacturer’s name or brand, the letters ASTM, the specification number, and grade. In addition, heat numbers, or serial numbers that are traceable to heat numbers, shall be marked on each length of pipe.
16. Keywords
16.1 austenitic; centrifugally cast; height; high-temperature service; stainless steel; steel castings
Standard Specification for Centrifugally Cast Austenitic Steel Pipe for High-Temperature Service
1. Scope
1.1 This specification covers austenitic alloy steel pipe for use in high-temperature, corrosive, or nuclear pressure service.
1.2 Several grades of austenitic stainless steel are covered as indicated in Table 1.
1.3 Optional supplementary requirements are provided when additional testing may be required.
1.4 The values stated in either inch-pound units or SI units are to be regarded separately as standard. Within the text, the SI units are shown in brackets. The values stated in each system are not exactly equivalents; therefore, each system must be used independently of each other. Combining values from the two systems may result in nonconformance with the specification.
NOTE 1—This specification is not intended to cover centrifugal pipe made from alloys containing more than 0.20 % carbon, such as are covered by Specification A 297.
2. Referenced Documents
2.1 ASTM Standards:
A 297 Specification for Steel Castings, Iron-Chromium and Iron-Chromium-Nickel, Heat Resistant, for GeneralAppli-cation
A 370 Test Methods and Definitions for Mechanical Testing of Steel Products
A 530/A530M Specification for General Requirements for Specialized Carbon and Alloy Steel Pipe
E 29 Practice for Using Significant Digits in Test Data to Determine Conformance With Specifications
E 94 Guide for Radiographic Examination
E 165 Test Method for Liquid Penetrant Examination
E 186 Reference Radiographs for Heavy-Walled (2 to 4 1 ⁄ 2 -in. [51 to 114-mm]) Steel Castings
E 280 Reference Radiographs for Heavy-Walled (4 1 ⁄ 2 to 12-in. [114 to 305-mm]) Steel Castings
E 446 Reference Radiographs for Steel Castings up to 2 in.[51 mm] in Thickness
2.2 ANSI Standard:
B46.1 Surface Texture
3. Ordering Information
3.1 Orders for material to this specification shall include the following, as required, to describe the desired material adequately:
3.1.1 Quantity (feet, metres, or number of lengths),
3.1.2 Name of material (centrifugally cast pipe),
3.1.3 Grade (Table 1),
3.1.4 Size (outside or inside diameter and minimum wall thickness in inches or millimetres),
3.1.5 Length (specific or random, Specification A 530/A 530M),
3.1.6 End Finish of Specification A 530/A 530M,
3.1.7 Optional Requirements (9.4 and Supplementary Requirements S1 through S7),
3.1.8 Test Report Required (Section 14), and
3.1.9 Special Requirements or Additions to Specification.
4. Materials and Manufacture
4.1 Heat-Treatment—The pipe shall receive a heat-treatment at the temperature and time specified in Table 2,followed by a quench in water or rapid cool by other means.
4.2 Machining—The pipe shall be machined on the inner and outer surfaces to a roughness value no greater than 250-µin. [6.35-µm] arithmetical average deviation (AA) from the mean line, as defined in American National Standard B46.1.
TABLE 2 Heat-Treatment Requirements
| Grade | Temperature, min |
Hold Time,h/in. of Thickness |
|
| °F | °C | ||
| CPF3, CPF3A, CPF8, CPF8A, CPF3M,CPF8M | 1900 | 1040 | 1 |
| CPF10MC, CPF8C, CPF8C (Ta max) | 1950 | 1065 | 2 |
| CPH8, CPH10, CPH20, CPK20 | 2100 | 1150 | 1 |
| CPE20N | 2225 | 1220 | 1 |
5. Chemical Analysis
5.1 Heat Analysis—An analysis of each heat shall be made by the manufacturer to determine the percentages of elements specified in Table 1. The analysis shall be made on a test sample taken preferably during the pouring of the heat. The chemical composition thus determined shall conform to the requirements specified in Table 1.
5.2 Product Analysis—A product analysis may be made by the purchaser. The sample for analysis shall be selected so as to be thoroughly representative of the pipe being analyzed. The chemical composition thus determined shall conform to the requirements specified in Table 1.
5.3 To determine conformance with the chemical analysis requirements, an observed value or calculated value shall be rounded in accordance with Practice E 29 to the nearest unit in the last right-hand place of values listed in Table 1.
TABLE 1 Chemical Requirements
| Composition, % | |||||||||||
| Grade |
Carbon, max |
Manganese, max |
Phosphorus, max |
Sulfur, max |
Silicon, max |
Nickel | Chromium | Molybdenum | Columbium |
Tantalum, max |
Nitrogen |
| CPF3 | 0.03 | 1.50 | 0.040 | 0.040 | 2.00 | 8.0–12.0 | 17.0–21.0 | ... | ... | ... | ... |
| CPF3A | 0.03 | 1.50 | 0.040 | 0.040 | 2.00 | 8.0–12.0 | 17.0–21.0 | ... | ... | ... | ... |
| CPF8 | 0.08 | 1.50 | 0.040 | 0.040 | 2.00 | 8.0–11.0 | 18.0–21.0 | ... | ... | ... | ... |
| CPF8A | 0.08 | 1.50 | 0.040 | 0.040 | 2.00 | 8.0–11.0 | 18.0–21.0 | ... | ... | ... | ... |
| CPF3M | 0.03 | 1.50 | 0.040 | 0.040 | 1.50 | 9.0–13.0 | 17.0–21.0 | 2.0–3.0 | ... | ... | ... |
| CPF8M | 0.08 | 1.50 | 0.040 | 0.040 | 1.50 | 9.0–12.0 | 18.0–21.0 | 2.0–3.0 | ... | ... | ... |
| CPF10MC A | 0.10 | 1.50 | 0.040 | 0.040 | 1.50 | 13.0–16.0 | 15.0–18.0 | 1.75–2.25 | 1.2 max, 10 3 C min | ... | ... |
| CPF8C A | 0.08 | 1.50 | 0.040 | 0.040 | 2.00 | 9.0–12.0 | 15.0–18.0 | ... | 1 max, 8 3 C min | ... | ... |
| CPF8C(Ta max) B | 0.08 | 1.50 | 0.040 | 0.040 | 2.00 | 9.0–12.0 | 15.0–18.0 | ... | 1 max, 8 3 C min | 0.10 | ... |
| CPH8 | 0.08 | 1.50 | 0.040 | 0.040 | 1.50 | 12.0–15.0 | 22.0–26.0 | ... | ... | ... | ... |
| CPH20 or CPH10 | 0.20 C | 1.50 | 0.040 | 0.040 | 2.00 | 12.0–15.0 | 22.0–26.0 | ... | ... | ... | ... |
| CPK20 | 0.20 | 1.50 | 0.040 | 0.040 | 1.75 | 19.0–22.0 | 23.0–27.0 | ... | ... | ... | ... |
| CPE20N | 0.20 | 1.50 | 0.040 | 0.040 | 1.50 | 8.0–11.0 | 23.0–26.0 | ... | ... | ... | 0.08–0.20 |
A Grades CPF10MC and CPF8C may have a columbium plus tantalum content maximum of 1.35 %.
B No designation as yet assigned by ASTM International or Steel Founders’ Society of America.
C By agreement between the manufacturer and the purchaser, the carbon content of Grade CPH20 may be restricted to 0.10 % max. When so agreed, the grade designation shall be CPH10
6. Tensile Requirements
6.1 Test Specimens:
6.1.1 Test specimens shall be prepared in accordance with Test Methods and Definitions A 370. Test bars shall be poured in special blocks from the same heat as the castings represented. Test bars shall be supplied in sufficient number to furnish all specimens required in 6.2 and 6.3 (see Table 3).
6.1.2 Test specimens may be cut from heat-treated castings instead of from test bars when agreed upon between the manufacturer and the purchaser.
6.1.3 Tension test specimens shall be machined to the form and dimensions of the standard round 2-in. [50-mm] gage length specimens shown in Fig. 6 of Test Methods and Definitions A 370.
6.2 Number of Tests:
6.2.1 One tension test shall be made from each heat. The bar from which the test specimen is taken shall be heat-treated in the same manner as the castings represented.
6.2.2 If a specimen is machined improperly or flaws are revealed by machining or during testing, the specimen may be discarded and another substituted from the same heat.
6.3 Retests—If the results of the mechanical tests for any heat do not conform to the requirements specified, the castings may be reheat-treated and retested, but may not be solutiontreated more than twice.
TABLE 3 Tensile Requirements
| Composition, % | |||
| Grade |
Tensile Strength, min, ksi [MPa] |
YieldStrength, min, ksi [MPa] |
Elongation in 2 in. or 50 mm,min |
| CPF3 | 70 [485] | 30 [205] | 35 |
| CPF3A A | 77 [535] | 35 [240] | 35 |
| CPF3M | 70 [485] | 30 [205] | 30 |
| CPF8 | 70 [485] | 30 [205] | 35 |
| CPF8A A | 77 [535] | 35 [240] | 35 |
| CPF8M | 70 [485] | 30 [205] | 30 |
| CPF10MC | 70 [485] | 30 [205] | 20 |
| CPH10 | 70 [485] | 30 [205] | 30 |
| CPF8C(Ta max), CPF8C | 70 [485] | 30 [205] | 30 |
| CPH8 | 65 [448] | 28 [195] | 30 |
| CPK20 | 65 [448] | 28 [195] | 30 |
| CPH20 | 70 [485] | 30 [205] | 30 |
| CPE20N | 80 [550] | 40 [275] | 30 |
A The properties shown are obtained by adjusting the composition within the limits shown in Table 1 to obtain a ferrite-austenite ratio that will result in the higher ultimate and yield strengths indicated. A lowering of impact values may develop in these materials when exposed to service temperature above 800°F [425°C].
7. Hydrostatic Test
7.1 Each length of pipe shall be hydrostatically tested in accordance with Specification A 530/A 530M.
7.2 It is realized that the foundry may be unable to perform the hydrostatic test prior to shipment, or that the purchaser may wish to defer testing until additional work has been performed on the casting. In such cases, the foundry is responsible for the satisfactory performance of the casting when it is tested.
8. Quality
8.1 The surface of the casting shall be examined visually and shall be free from cracks and hot tears. Other surface defects shall be judged in accordance with visual acceptance criteria which may be specified in the order.
9. Rework and Retreatment
9.1 Defects as defined in Section 8 shall be removed and their removal verified by visual inspection of the resultant cavities. Defects which are located by inspecting with Supplementary Requirement S6 or S7, or both, shall be removed or reduced to an acceptable size.
9.2 If removal of the defect does not infringe upon the minimum wall thickness, the depression may be blended uniformly into the surrounding surface.
9.3 If the cavity resulting from defect removal infringes upon the minimum wall thickness, weld repair is permitted subject to the purchasers’ approval. The composition of the weld rod used shall be suitable for the composition of the metal being welded.
9.3.1 Only operators and procedures qualified in accordance with ASME Boiler and Pressure Vessel Code, Section IX, shall be used. All repair welds will be inspected to the same quality standards used to inspect the casting.
9.4 Postweld heat-treatment of the repaired casting is neither required nor prohibited.
10. Permissible Variations in Dimensions
10.1 Thickness—The wall thickness shall not vary over that specified by more than 1 ⁄ 8 in. (3 mm). There shall be no variation under the specified wall thickness.
11. General Requirements
11.1 Material furnished under this specification shall conform to the applicable requirements of the current edition of Specification A 530/A 530M, unless otherwise provided herein.
12. Rejection
12.1 Each length of pipe received from the manufacturer may be inspected by the purchaser and, if it does not meet the requirements of the specification based on the inspection and test method as outlined in the specification, the pipe may be rejected and the manufacturer shall be notified. Disposition of rejected pipe shall be a matter of agreement between the manufacturer and the purchaser.
13. Rehearing
13.1 Samples that represent rejected material shall be preserved for 2 weeks from the date of transmission of the test report. In case of dissatisfaction with the results of the tests, the manufacturer may make claim for a rehearing within that time.
14. Certification
14.1 Upon request of the purchaser in the contract or order,a manufacturer’s certification that the material was manufactured and tested in accordance with this specification, together with a report of the test results, shall be furnished at the time of shipment.
15. Product Marking
15.1 Each length of pipe shall be legibly marked with the manufacturer’s name or brand, the letters ASTM, the specification number, and grade. In addition, heat numbers, or serial numbers that are traceable to heat numbers, shall be marked on each length of pipe.
16. Keywords
16.1 austenitic; centrifugally cast; height; high-temperature service; stainless steel; steel castings